Sober Social Parties: College Trend

Sober Social Parties: College Trend

The college party scene is undergoing a quiet but significant transformation. Across American campuses, a growing number of students are choosing to socialize without alcohol, reshaping what it means to have fun at parties. This shift isn’t about judgment or preaching—it’s about students recognizing that meaningful connection, genuine laughter, and memorable experiences don’t require a drink in hand.

Sober social gatherings have moved from the margins to the mainstream, with student organizations, residence halls, and independent friend groups all embracing alcohol-free events. What started as a niche preference has become a legitimate lifestyle choice that’s changing campus culture in surprising ways. Understanding this trend helps us see how an entire generation is redefining social connection and fun.

Why Students Are Choosing Sobriety at Social Events

The reasons students opt for sober parties are as diverse as the students themselves. Some come from family histories of addiction and choose to avoid alcohol entirely. Others are members of recovery communities who’ve found clarity and purpose in sobriety. Many students simply feel pressured by drinking culture and appreciate spaces where they can relax without that expectation.

Health consciousness plays a significant role too. Students increasingly understand that alcohol can interfere with sleep, mental health, and academic performance. Some athletes avoid alcohol to protect their training and recovery. Women’s safety concerns also drive participation—many students feel more secure and alert in sober environments where they can better protect themselves and their friends.

Financial reasons matter as well. Alcohol is expensive, and many students are managing tight budgets. Sober events eliminate that cost barrier, making socializing more accessible. Beyond individual reasons, there’s a broader cultural shift: younger generations tend to question inherited traditions more readily, and the “you must drink to have fun” narrative is increasingly being challenged rather than accepted.

How Sober Parties Actually Work on Campus

Sober social events look remarkably similar to traditional parties in structure—they just swap alcohol for other elements. A typical sober party might feature themed activities, games, live music or DJs, food and drinks, dancing, and conversation spaces. What changes is the energy and intentionality.

Many sober parties are organized by campus clubs, LGBTQ+ organizations, recovery groups, and cultural organizations. Greek life chapters increasingly host sober events as alternatives to traditional party weekends. Residence halls often sponsor alcohol-free social hours with games, snacks, and music. Some events are explicitly marketed as sober spaces; others simply don’t include alcohol and attract a mixed crowd of students with different reasons for attending.

The key difference lies in what organizers do with the saved resources. Without allocating budget to alcohol, event planners can invest in better food, professional DJs or live bands, interactive games, or unique venues. This actually creates more memorable experiences. A sober party with a photo booth, interactive art project, and quality snacks often generates more genuine fun than a keg-focused gathering.

The Psychology Behind Why Sober Socializing Works

Sobriety removes a significant cognitive load from socializing. When you’re sober, you’re fully present for conversations, more likely to remember what happened, and better equipped to notice who needs support. This creates deeper, more authentic connections. Students report feeling more genuine laughter and more meaningful interactions at sober events.

There’s also a confidence factor. Many students drink partly because they believe alcohol is necessary for social ease. At sober events, students discover they can be funny, charming, and socially competent without it. This realization is empowering and carries over into other areas of life. Anxiety around social performance often decreases when students realize they were capable all along.

Sober socializing also allows for vulnerability in ways that drinking sometimes prevents. Without alcohol as a social lubricant or emotional buffer, people tend to develop more honest friendships. Groups bonding over shared activities—whether dancing, playing games, or creating something together—build stronger connections than groups bonded through shared intoxication.

Campus Spaces Leading the Sober Social Movement

Certain groups and organizations have become visible champions of sober socializing. Recovery communities like Students in Recovery programs exist on hundreds of campuses and organize social events specifically designed for people in recovery. These provide crucial peer support while dismantling the isolation some in recovery feel on college campuses.

LGBTQ+ organizations have also championed sober spaces, recognizing that queer students may face different pressures and risks around alcohol. These events often emphasize safety, inclusivity, and authentic connection. Cultural and religious organizations frequently host sober social events aligned with their values, providing welcoming spaces for students seeking culturally grounded socializing.

Residence halls are getting creative too. Some institutions have designated alcohol-free housing where students commit to sobriety and build community around that shared value. These living communities report higher academic performance, stronger friendships, and better mental health outcomes. Dance teams, athletic teams, and academic clubs increasingly organize sober social events, recognizing that team bonding doesn’t require alcohol.

What Happens at Actual Sober College Parties

A typical Friday night sober party might begin around 9 p.m. in a student center or residence hall common room. Arriving students find a space transformed with decorations, a snack table with pizza, nachos, cookies, and various non-alcoholic beverages including sodas, sparkling water, mocktails, and coffee. Upbeat music plays as people arrive and socialize.

Within thirty minutes, organizers might kick off structured activities. This could be a trivia competition with prizes, a dance battle, murder mystery games, karaoke, or a video game tournament. The activities serve a purpose: they give people something to do together beyond just standing and talking, which often feels easier when alcohol isn’t present to fill pauses.

Around 11 p.m., the crowd might gather for a planned activity like a dessert-making competition, a comedy show by student performers, or a dance performance. By midnight or 1 a.m., the party winds down naturally. What strikes many students attending their first sober party is that it doesn’t feel like something is missing—it feels like something different and often better has replaced the expected model.

Breaking the Myth That Sobriety Means Missing Out

The biggest misconception about sober parties is that they’re less fun. In reality, they’re different, and different often means better. Without the distractions and complications of intoxication, students actually retain memories of their social time. They photograph moments worth remembering and maintain friendships more intentionally.

Students who attend sober parties report laughing harder, dancing more freely, and feeling more connected afterward. One reason: without alcohol’s depressant effects, people tend to feel more genuinely energized and uplifted. Conversations flow more naturally because everyone’s cognitive function is intact. Games are actually fun rather than becoming blurry competitions no one remembers.

The myth that “real college fun” requires alcohol is particularly limiting for students who want the social experience without the substances. Sober parties prove that the fun comes from people, activities, creativity, and intentional community-building—not from what people are drinking. This realization is liberating and often spreads through friend groups.

How the Sober Party Trend Reflects Broader Generational Shifts

Gen Z and young millennials are drinking less than previous generations. According to recent research, young adults are more likely to abstain from alcohol, and this cultural shift has real consequences for how college looks. Fewer heavy drinkers at parties means the parties themselves necessarily change character.

This generation also prioritizes mental health more openly. Students understand that alcohol can worsen anxiety and depression. They’re more willing to discuss these mental health considerations without shame. Additionally, the rise of social media creates a natural preference for parties where people want to be photographed and remembered—which often means preferring clarity to intoxication.

Economic factors matter too. Millennials and Gen Z came of age during or after economic crises and tend to be more financially conscious. Avoiding expensive alcohol aligns with broader financial prudence. Finally, this generation grew up in a wellness-obsessed culture where tracking health metrics and optimizing physical performance is normalized. Avoiding alcohol fits naturally into that framework.

Starting a Sober Party Culture in Your Circle

If you want to create sober social events, start by identifying like-minded people. You might be surprised how many peers share this interest once you mention it. Form a core organizing group and decide on basic parameters: frequency, types of events, target audience, and budget.

Choose engaging activities that naturally gather people together. Themed parties work well—a “Great Gatsby” dance party, a “90s nostalgia” evening, a talent show, a game tournament. Invest in good music, quality food, and thoughtful decorations. These practical elements signal that this is a valued event, not a consolation prize for people who don’t drink.

Market your events clearly so interested people find them. Use social media, campus bulletin boards, and word of mouth. Be honest about what you’re offering without being preachy. “Sober dance party with great music and free pizza” is more inviting than “Alcohol-free social gathering.” Focus on what you’re providing rather than what you’re excluding.

Create a welcoming culture where people feel comfortable regardless of their relationship with alcohol. Not everyone at your events needs to be sober—some might simply prefer a particular night off. What matters is that the space doesn’t center alcohol as necessary for fun.

Navigating Social Pressure While Choosing Sobriety

Choosing not to drink when drinking culture is normalized requires courage and strategy. First, understand that you don’t need permission or justification for your choice. “I’m not drinking tonight” is a complete sentence. You don’t need to explain, excuse, or defend it.

Find your people—even a small friend group that respects your choice matters tremendously. Knowing there are others who understand makes everything easier. Attend sober events where you’re among people making similar choices. This removes you from situations where you feel alone in your decision.

Develop responses to questioning that feel comfortable to you. These might be brief (“Just how I’m feeling tonight”), firm (“I prefer not to”), or humorous (“My body is a temple… a very expensive temple”). The key is finding something you can say confidently so you’re not scrambling when asked.

Take control of your social schedule when possible. Suggesting activities you enjoy increases the chances your friends will participate without alcohol being central. Host or help organize alcohol-free social events so you’re not always attending others’ parties on their terms.

The Future of College Social Culture

The sober party trend shows no signs of slowing. As more students experience fun, authentic connection, and genuine memory-making in sober spaces, the stigma around choosing not to drink decreases. Universities are gradually recognizing sober socializing as part of healthy campus culture and are supporting these initiatives.

What started as a counterculture movement is becoming the new normal in many college communities. While drinking will remain part of some students’ college experience, the expectation that it must be central to all socializing is loosening. This creates more space for students to choose the social experience that actually works for them.

The trend also has positive spillover effects. Safer parties without extreme intoxication mean fewer sexual assaults, less alcohol poisoning, lower rates of accidents, and better mental health overall. Communities where students feel safe being fully present and aware tend to have lower rates of various harms. In other words, this trend isn’t just about personal preference—it’s reshaping campus safety and wellbeing.

The Economics of Hosting Sober Events: Budget Allocation and Cost Savings

One of the most practical advantages of organizing sober parties is the dramatic shift in budget allocation. When alcohol traditionally consumes 40-60% of a party budget, redirecting those funds creates opportunities for substantially upgraded experiences. A group spending $200 on a party might allocate $120 for alcohol and $80 for everything else. A sober event with the same $200 budget can invest $60-80 in premium snacks and catering, $40-50 in entertainment or activities, $30-40 in decorations, and $20-30 in quality non-alcoholic beverages including specialty mocktails and craft sodas.

This reallocation explains why many sober parties feel more polished and intentional. Professional DJs become affordable when you’re not competing with alcohol budgets. Venues with better ambiance and space can be rented. Food quality improves dramatically—instead of cheap pizza and chips, events can feature locally sourced appetizers, dessert stations, or food trucks. Students organizing sober events report that guests often comment on the quality of refreshments, creating positive word-of-mouth that attracts future attendees.

For student organizations operating on limited budgets, sober events also solve a persistent problem: liability insurance. Events involving alcohol require specialized insurance coverage that’s expensive and administratively complex. Campus policies often restrict where alcohol events can occur and require extensive supervision. Sober events face minimal insurance complications and fewer administrative restrictions, meaning smaller organizations and residence halls can host larger, more creative gatherings without navigating bureaucratic obstacles. This democratizes party hosting—not just established Greek organizations or well-funded groups can throw memorable events.

There are also hidden costs to alcohol-centered parties that sober alternatives eliminate. Emergency medical responses to alcohol poisoning, campus security overtime, cleanup costs for alcohol-related damage, and liability settlements for alcohol-related incidents represent real expenses that institutions absorb. Individual students also face hidden costs: replacing damaged property, paying for Ubers due to impaired judgment, dealing with hangovers that affect academic performance, or incurring medical bills from alcohol-related injuries. Sober socializing reduces these downstream costs entirely.

Designing Sober Parties for Neurodivergent and Sensory-Sensitive Students

Traditional college parties present significant challenges for students with ADHD, autism, anxiety disorders, and sensory processing differences. Alcohol adds unpredictability to an already overwhelming environment—you can’t anticipate how intoxicated people will behave or how their behavior might escalate. Sober parties naturally accommodate neurodivergent students by maintaining consistency and predictability that helps them feel safe and included.

For students with ADHD, the structured activities built into most sober parties provide the external scaffolding their brains need to enjoy socializing. Games, competitions, and planned activities offer the stimulation and structure that help ADHD brains engage more fully. The reduced chaos compared to traditional parties means sensory input stays within manageable ranges. One neurodivergent student noted that sober parties allowed her to actually participate in conversations rather than spending the entire event managing sensory overwhelm from noise, crowds, and unpredictable behavior.

Autistic students often appreciate the increased predictability and explicit social structure at sober events. Knowing what to expect, having defined activities rather than unstructured mingling, and interacting with people who are cognitively present creates less anxiety. Some autistic students report that sober parties feel less “performative”—there’s less pressure to act drunk or perform drunken socializing, reducing the masking energy required. Anxiety disorders also respond well to sober environments where triggers like uncontrolled rowdiness, aggressive intoxication, or unpredictable situations are minimized.

Sensory-sensitive students benefit from organizers who intentionally moderate sensory input at sober events. While traditional parties often crank music volume and strobe lights to enhance a drinking atmosphere, sober parties can maintain music at conversation-friendly levels while still being fun. Lighting can be thoughtfully designed rather than jarring. If sensory sensitivity is communicated to organizers, they can create quieter spaces or “chill zones” where stimulation is lower—students can socialize at their preferred intensity level. This inclusivity isn’t about “dumbing down” the party; it’s about recognizing that different brains enjoy socializing in different ways, and sober parties can accommodate more diversity of needs than traditional parties.

Building Sober Social Alternatives Within Greek Life and Traditional Party Communities

Greek organizations face particular pressure around drinking culture, yet many chapters are discovering that sober programming actually strengthens their communities. Some chapters have introduced “sober social hours” as regular weekly or bi-weekly events separate from traditional parties. These might feature game nights, skill-building workshops, community service projects, or themed social activities. Chapters report that these events increase attendance overall because they welcome members who want to participate in chapter life but prefer not to drink, and they attract pledges who feel safer in environments without heavy alcohol.

Several large universities have piloted “Sober Saturdays” where Greek chapters collectively organize large sober events on the same night instead of hosting individual alcohol-centered parties. This creates critical mass—instead of a single chapter’s sober event feeling like an exception, it becomes a major social destination. Students who want to party sober find dozens of options, and the event feels like a legitimate social scene rather than a consolation prize. One university reported that initial skepticism from traditional party-goers shifted dramatically once they experienced the energy and freedom of a well-executed sober Saturday.

For chapters struggling with alcohol-related incidents or liability issues, sober events serve a strategic function in managing risk while maintaining vibrant social life. Chapter leadership reports that sober events actually build stronger bonds because members engage with each other rather than just drinking in proximity. Activities designed for sober engagement—trivia competitions between pledge classes, dancing, games, creative projects—create memories and shared experiences more effectively than passive drinking gatherings. This appears paradoxical until you consider that genuine connection requires cognitive presence and intentional interaction, both of which sober environments facilitate.

Athletic teams have emerged as unexpected leaders in sober socialization. Teams bonding before competitions have obvious incentives to stay sober, and many teams have developed sophisticated team-bonding events centered on game nights, escape rooms, team dinners, or organized outings. These events build team cohesion powerfully—research on team dynamics shows that shared activities and challenges create stronger bonds than substance-focused gatherings. As sober team events prove themselves socially successful, the stigma around not drinking during team socializing decreases, and athletes feel less pressure to participate in problematic drinking culture.

Creating Accessible Sober Parties for Students with Disabilities and Health Conditions

Students with chronic illnesses, disabilities, mental health conditions, or medications that interact negatively with alcohol often feel excluded from traditional college socializing. Sober parties remove these barriers entirely and create spaces where health considerations aren’t obstacles to social participation. A student with lupus managing chronic pain can attend a sober party without worrying that alcohol will worsen their symptoms or interact with medications. Someone with Type 1 diabetes can navigate a sober event without the complicated blood sugar management that alcohol requires. A student with epilepsy can socialize without the seizure risk that alcohol presents.

Beyond individual health conditions, sober events accommodate the needs of students with disabilities more broadly. Students using wheelchairs or mobility devices can navigate sober events where they’re not fighting through crowds of intoxicated people or worrying about drunk individuals bumping into them or becoming belligerent. Students with hearing disabilities can better navigate sober events where organizers have incentive to manage acoustics and ensure clear communication, rather than traditional parties where noise levels become deliberately chaotic. Neurodevelopmental disabilities and mental health conditions that interact poorly with alcohol or chaotic environments become less limiting in sober spaces.

Sober parties also accommodate students in medication-assisted treatment or recovery. Students taking buprenorphine, methadone, or other medications have serious health risks around alcohol. Sober spaces allow them to participate fully in college social life without risking their health or facing stigma. This is particularly important because college often triggers increased social pressure around drinking, creating additional challenges for students actively managing substance use. Having explicit sober social venues removes a stressor and creates community with others making similar choices.

For organizing sober events with disability accessibility in mind, best practices include: ensuring physical accessibility for mobility devices, providing clear signage and familiar layouts so students with cognitive or sensory disabilities can navigate confidently, scheduling events at times when energy and focus are typically higher rather than late-night when fatigue affects participation, offering quiet spaces or lower-stimulation areas, communicating event details clearly in advance so students can prepare, and actively welcoming people with disabilities through marketing and outreach. When organizers prioritize accessibility for sober events, they create spaces genuinely welcoming to students whose health needs exclude them from traditional parties.

The Role of Sober Social Events in Institutional Responses to Sexual Assault and Campus Safety

Campus sexual assault and harassment disproportionately occurs in contexts involving alcohol. According to research, approximately 90% of campus sexual assaults involve alcohol use by either the perpetrator or victim, often both. The connection isn’t coincidental—alcohol impairs judgment, reduces ability to consent clearly, and creates situations where perpetrators deliberately use alcohol to incapacitate potential victims. While sober parties don’t eliminate sexual assault risk entirely, they dramatically reduce the most predictable contributing factors.

At sober parties, everyone’s cognitive function remains intact, making it significantly harder for predators to operate. Bystanders can intervene more effectively when they’re not intoxicated. Potential victims can better protect themselves and trust their judgment. The environment itself becomes hostile to predatory behavior because everyone’s presence of mind creates natural accountability. Universities increasingly recognize sober events as part of comprehensive campus safety strategies, not as a silver bullet but as a meaningful piece of the puzzle.

Sober events are also particularly important for students who’ve experienced sexual assault and are rebuilding their relationship with social participation. Trauma survivors often experience anxiety around drinking contexts due to increased vulnerability or triggering situations related to their assault. Explicit sober events create spaces where survivors can socialize without the additional layer of trauma-related anxiety. Organizations supporting survivors increasingly host sober social events as part of healing and community-building work, recognizing that social isolation and disconnection often follows trauma.

From an institutional perspective, universities supporting sober social programming as part of campus culture see measurable improvements in sexual assault metrics. While correlation isn’t causation, the data suggest that campuses with active sober social scenes report fewer reported incidents, better bystander intervention, and higher survivor confidence in reporting. This makes institutional support for sober socializing not just about student choice but about measurable campus safety outcomes. Some universities have begun highlighting sober event options during orientation and first-year programming specifically to normalize alternative social participation and set cultural expectations early.

Sober Socializing and Mental Health: The Connection Between Authenticity and Wellbeing

The psychological research on sober socializing reveals important connections to mental health and wellbeing. Students who report regularly attending sober social events show better mental health outcomes than students whose social life centers on drinking contexts. This effect appears to result from several overlapping factors: authenticity of connection, memory formation and self-continuity, reduced anxiety about performance, and the absence of alcohol’s direct neurochemical depressant effects.

Authenticity in relationships built through sober socializing creates stronger psychological benefits than relationships built through shared intoxication. When you interact with someone while fully present and sober, you develop genuine familiarity with their actual personality and values. This grounds friendships in reality rather than in the altered states that friendships sometimes center on. Students report feeling more accepted at sober events—”people like the real me” rather than “people like drunk me.” This distinction matters for long-term mental health and self-esteem.

Memory formation also affects psychological wellbeing more than many people realize. Studies show that people who can clearly remember social experiences and interactions feel more satisfied with their social lives and report stronger relationships. The vagueness that alcohol creates—not remembering what happened, misremembering conversations, having gaps in the night—actually diminishes the psychological satisfaction people derive from socializing. Sober socializing creates continuous memory chains where each event connects to others, building a coherent sense of social identity and belonging. This appears to reduce anxiety and depression compared to social lives characterized by fragmented, unclear experiences.

For students managing anxiety or depression, sober social events provide additional benefits. Alcohol often worsens both conditions over time despite providing temporary relief. Anxiety increases the day after drinking, and depression often deepens. Social anxiety specifically responds better to repeated exposure in safe, predictable environments—sober parties provide exactly that kind of environment. As anxious students attend sober events repeatedly and discover they can socialize successfully without alcohol, their anxiety often decreases. This creates a positive feedback loop where social participation improves mental health, which enables more social participation.

The ritual and intentionality of sober socializing also supports mental health. When social activities are deliberately planned, thoughtfully decorated, and explicitly designed to be enjoyable, participants feel valued and included. The contrast to drinking-focused parties—where the “fun” supposedly happens naturally through intoxication—is psychologically significant. Being part of a community intentionally building enjoyable experiences together creates belonging and purpose, both protective factors for mental health.

International Perspectives: How Sober Socializing Compares Across Different Campus Cultures

While sober socializing is growing on American campuses, international perspectives offer interesting contrasts and insights. In countries like Australia and the UK where drinking culture has historically been extremely strong, the emergence of sober party scenes is particularly notable and often comes with different social dynamics. Students in these contexts often face more intense pressure to drink, making the choice to participate in sober events a more countercultural act. Australian universities report growing sober social movements driven by similar drivers as in the US—mental health prioritization, financial consciousness, and generational shifts away from substance-centered social identity.

Some countries with different cultural relationships to alcohol show that alcohol-free socializing has always been more normalized. In many Middle Eastern and Southeast Asian contexts, large social gatherings often center on food, music, dancing, and games without alcohol, reflecting cultural and religious values. As international students from these backgrounds attend American universities, they sometimes introduce these social models to their peers, creating hybrid social scenes that blend different traditions. This cross-cultural fertilization has expanded what “fun” looks like on American campuses by showcasing that societies worldwide maintain vibrant social cultures without centering alcohol.

European university culture shows interesting variations—many European countries have more moderate drinking norms than the US, with wine or beer integrated into social meals rather than being the focal point of parties. Some European student communities have adopted sober party culture as a deliberate contrast to what they perceive as excessive American drinking norms. Conversely, some American students studying abroad report being surprised by how much sober socializing already exists in European contexts, suggesting that American “party culture” might be more of an outlier globally than it appears domestically.

These international comparisons matter because they demonstrate that sober socializing isn’t a universal phase or trend but rather one legitimate option among many. Some societies have always maintained robust social cultures without centering alcohol. The American innovation isn’t sober socializing itself but rather the explicit cultural conversation about choosing it as an alternative within a context where drinking has been heavily normalized. As this conversation expands and students encounter different models through diverse peer groups and international perspectives, the perceived naturalness of alcohol-centered socializing continues to shift.

FAQ: Sober Social Parties

Q: Are sober parties only for people who don’t drink?
A: No. Sober parties welcome anyone who wants to attend. Some people regularly choose sobriety; others might just want a break from drinking culture for one night. Some guests might not drink for health, religious, or personal reasons. The common factor is that everyone is present without intoxication, not that everyone has taken a permanent sobriety pledge. Many people enjoy occasionally attending sober events alongside other social activities.

Q: How do you keep sober parties from being boring?
A: The activities and energy at sober parties come from intentional planning, not from alcohol. Good music, engaging games, quality food, creative decorations, and genuine interaction create fun. Many students report that sober parties are more fun because they’re fully present to enjoy them and actually remember what happened. The “boring” reputation often comes from parties that don’t include alcohol but also don’t include any engaging activities—that’s a planning issue, not a sobriety issue.

Q: What if I want to have a sober party but my friends are skeptical?
A: Start by focusing on what makes your party great rather than what it doesn’t include. Emphasize the activities, quality of food, music, and atmosphere. Invite people with a clear, positive description. Once skeptical friends attend and experience an actually fun event, many become regular attendees. Their skepticism usually stems from assuming parties without alcohol must be boring—showing them otherwise is the most persuasive argument you can make.

Q: Is there a way to attend traditional parties while maintaining sobriety?
A: Yes, with planning. Eat a good meal before going so you’re not tempted to drink out of hunger. Have a non-alcoholic drink in hand when you arrive—holding a beverage makes you feel more comfortable and discourages repeated offers. Position yourself in conversation groups rather than near the drinks table. Plan an exit time so you’re not staying as the party’s energy shifts later in the night. Find friends also choosing sobriety or at least moderation. Leave if you feel pressure or uncomfortable rather than staying to prove something.

Q: Can sober parties work for building genuine friendship and community?
A: Absolutely—many people report that their closest college friendships formed in sober contexts. When alcohol isn’t present, conversations tend to be more authentic, people remember interactions clearly, and shared experiences create stronger bonds. Activities at sober parties often facilitate deeper connection than passive drinking-focused gatherings. Research on intentional communities shows that when people bond around shared values and activities rather than substances, the resulting friendships tend to be more durable and meaningful.

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